Vitamin A Acetate: Commentary on Its Journey, Science, and Influence
Historical Development
Years ago, old texts chronicled the troubling effects of vitamin A deficiency in communities that couldn’t afford fresh foods. Stories cropped up of night blindness in children and mothers losing their sight in the prime of life. Nutrition researchers didn’t take long to tie these tragedies to a lack of an essential nutrient—retinol. When chemists in the early twentieth century took on the challenge, they realized this critical compound degrades fast in light and air. In response, scientists pressed on until they found a way to stabilize vitamin A. Turning to esterification, they created vitamin A acetate. This modified form made it much easier to transport, store, and blend into food supplies. By the 1940s, public health programs leaned heavily on fortified products, leading to a dramatic drop in deficiency diseases. Seeing this transformation reminds us that scientific progress reaches beyond laboratories—it changes the course of lives in everyday households and shapes global efforts against malnutrition.
Product Overview
Vitamin A acetate, often called retinyl acetate, has become a cornerstone in both nutritional supplements and food fortification. Unlike its predecessor, pure retinol, this ester version withstands environmental stress and can sit on shelves and in production lines far longer before breaking down. Manufacturers reach for retinyl acetate because it dissolves well in fats and oils, making it ideal for inclusion in dairy, spreads, and even some beverages. Healthcare professionals recommend it for people who run a real risk of deficiency—this includes those with digestive disorders and others on restricted diets. The World Health Organization continues to list vitamin A acetate among its essential medicines, reinforcing its critical part in local and global health strategies. In every bottle and tablet sits a history lesson in chemistry, nutrition policy, and the fight against preventable diseases.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Retinyl acetate usually appears as a yellow or orange powder, sometimes as an oily liquid, depending on purification levels and storage conditions. On the molecular level, it blends the retinol backbone with an acetate group, a modification that sharply increases its stability. In the presence of light or oxidation, it still degrades, but much less rapidly than unmodified vitamin A. Its melting point ranges near 57°C, and it dissolves easily in organic solvents and oils but remains almost insoluble in water. This trait shapes everything from encapsulation methods in pharmaceuticals to the dosing calculations in large-scale food fortification projects. Industry continues to refine these formulations because tiny variations in storage or processing can either save or waste thousands of doses, especially in vulnerable populations.
Technical Specifications & Labeling
Vitamin A acetate doesn’t enter the commercial pipeline without strict technical oversight. Each batch receives careful measurement not only of concentration and purity but also of compliance with national and international labeling laws. Labels often display content in International Units (IU) instead of grams or milligrams because most consumers and healthcare workers recognize IU from public health campaigns. Manufacturers track potential impurities—residual solvents, degradation products, any trace of toxicants—using established pharmacopeia protocols. In regions like Europe and North America, ingredients lists need to highlight the synthetic form, and public labeling rules insist that shelf-life, recommended daily intakes, and storage conditions appear clearly and accessibly. Behind the scenes, regulatory inspectors sample shipments regularly to ensure that what's on the label matches what's in the vial, protecting consumers and supporting confidence in fortified foods and supplements.
Preparation Method
Synthesizing vitamin A acetate starts with all-trans retinol drawn from fish liver oil or, increasingly, from chemical synthesis routes. Chemists add acetic anhydride under carefully controlled conditions, a reaction that binds the acetate group to the retinol molecule. This esterification often requires the presence of mild base catalysts and an inert atmosphere to fend off oxidation. Afterward, purification through distillation or chromatography strips away byproducts. For industrial-scale production, engineers focus on maximizing yield and minimizing energy consumption, along with recycling solvents to reduce waste. At this stage, even minor shifts in temperature or acidity during synthesis can create unwanted impurities, which makes precise control essential. Workers in these plants undergo specialized training both to maintain quality standards and to prevent exposure to concentrated reactants.
Chemical Reactions & Modifications
Vitamin A acetate doesn’t stay unchanged once it enters the human body. Enzymes in the digestive system cleave the acetate group, releasing active retinol that cells can use for vision, immune defense, and cellular growth. If it picks up any oxidizing agents during storage, the molecule can convert to potentially harmful peroxides or lose potency altogether. Scientists have explored further modifications, like encapsulation in liposomes or microbeads, to protect the molecule during processing and passage through light, heat, and oxygen-rich environments. Custom formulations for different delivery routes—from syrups for children to injectable emulsions for hospitals—use these strategies to boost absorption rates while lowering the risk of toxicity.
Synonyms & Product Names
Over the decades, vitamin A acetate has gathered quite a list of aliases. Commonly found as retinyl acetate on supplement packaging, it also goes by "vitamin A ester" or "all-trans-retinyl acetate" in trade documents and laboratory notes. Multinational supplement brands give it proprietary names or blend it into multivitamin mixes, sometimes highlighting its plant-derived or fish-derived sources. Drug catalogues maintain clear links to its chemical identifier for quality tracking, especially as global trade moves bulk shipments across borders. With so many synonyms—often shaped by regional preference or marketing trends—clarity on labels and in regulations keeps confusion and accidental overdoses in check.
Safety & Operational Standards
Every factory that handles large amounts of vitamin A acetate works under tight safety rules. Both OSHA and equivalent agencies overseas outline procedures for keeping workers safe from concentrated raw materials, which can irritate skin and eyes. Storage areas include climate control to prevent degradation and accidental fires, as expired or heated samples easily break down into potentially toxic byproducts. Health authorities in high-deficiency countries monitor infant and child dosing especially closely, as excessive intake can cause headaches, liver damage, or birth defects in pregnant women. Production records must include not just yields and test results but also traceability for recalls or adverse event investigations. In community health projects, training materials stress careful counting and documentation to avoid accidental overdose—a real risk in even well-organized campaigns.
Application Area
Vitamin A acetate finds use far beyond simple tablets and multivitamins. Food manufacturers routinely add it to margarine, cereals, and powdered milk, reaching families who seldom see fresh fruits or animal liver. Hospitals rely on concentrated forms for treating acute deficiency in children who arrive with sight issues or life-threatening infections. In the cosmetic aisle, vitamin A acetate finds its way into face creams and lotions, where industry claims focus on cell regeneration and skin repair. Livestock producers include it in feed mixes to boost animal health and make sure meat, eggs, and dairy bring real nutritional value to the table. Each distinct industry—healthcare, agriculture, consumer goods—needs a tailored approach to dosing, shelf-life, and handling risks, shaping both regulations and manufacturer practices.
Research & Development
Research on vitamin A acetate shows no signs of slowing. Drug developers search for formulations with improved absorption rates, especially for patients whose gut health blocks regular vitamin uptake. Nutrition scientists run long-term studies to track how supplementation changes rates of blindness and child mortality, both in rural African villages and crowded urban centers. At the molecular level, biochemists investigate analogues that resist oxidation better or target delivery inside the body. In recent years, innovation teams have experimented with nanocapsules and biopolymer coatings, hoping to extend shelf life or allow mixing with water-based foods without sacrificing potency. Collaborations with policy experts help make research findings translate into updated guidelines for global health programs, where the right balance of safety and intervention saves lives without creating new risks.
Toxicity Research
Toxicologists keep a close eye on vitamin A acetate because while deficiency can cause blindness, too much can do just as much harm. Early studies in the 1950s didn’t spot all the dangers, but multiple case reports since then have highlighted risks: nausea, headache, bone pain, and in extreme cases, liver failure. Pregnant women face particular dangers, as excess vitamin A has been linked to birth defects. Current safety margins rest on decades of dose-response studies, guiding the tolerable upper intake levels set by regulatory bodies like the Food and Nutrition Board. Surveillance continues in both developed and developing nations, using hospital data and public health surveys to track possible harm. Doctors stress to patients that high-dose supplements should only be used under medical supervision, especially in populations with varied dietary sources and metabolic rates.
Future Prospects
The future for vitamin A acetate pivots on balancing old lessons with new discoveries. Supply chains grow more complex year by year, with synthetic production cutting costs but adding new regulatory challenges around purity and sustainability. As populations age and diets shift, research may uncover more subtle roles for vitamin A in everything from cellular protection to cancer prevention. Policy planners continue to wrestle with the best ways to fortify foods without pushing populations above safe intake levels. Companies face pressure to improve labeling clarity and adapt to both local regulations and global standards, as consumers grow more informed and demanding about nutritional quality. Newer delivery platforms, such as slow-release capsules or fortified water, have the potential to close remaining gaps in public health nutrition. Ongoing collaboration between chemists, nutritionists, doctors, and policy makers will shape how vitamin A acetate fits into tomorrow’s health landscape and whether it can continue to bridge the stubborn gap between plentiful food and real nourishment.
Looking Past the Buzz: What Vitamin A Acetate Actually Does
Many people see supplements at the grocery store and gloss right over their ingredient list. Across those long, scientific names, Vitamin A Acetate probably shows up more often than you realize. If you care about vision or just want to keep your skin smooth, you’ve bumped into the benefits of this nutrient, with or without knowing its name.
The biggest draw of Vitamin A Acetate relates to vision. Eyestrain hits everyone staring at a screen. I know after long hours writing or researching, my own eyes start feeling dry or tired. This vitamin helps the retina process light and keeps it functional. Without enough, seeing in low light gets hard. That’s not just a concern for the stats on eye diseases like night blindness—it speaks to daily comfort too.
Vitamin A Acetate’s Place in Body Defense
Move beyond vision, and the conversation lands on immunity. Nobody wants to drag themselves through the day with a sore throat or nagging cough. Vitamin A plays a role in producing and maturing white blood cells that tackle infections. Diverse diets often solve vitamin shortfalls, but busy days push folks toward quick meals, and gaps sneak in. Surveys from several countries show pockets of Vitamin A deficiency, even in wealthy communities.
I grew up eating home-cooked meals, but as soon as I started living on my own, delivery and frozen dinners became the norm. These don’t always carry nutrients like Vitamin A. That can weaken natural barriers—skin dries out, the lining in the nose and lungs loses its protective qualities, and germs break in easier. I once thought frequent colds were bad luck. Adding more vegetables and, at times, a supplement with Vitamin A Acetate made a bigger difference than any home remedy I tried.
Benefits for Skin, Too
Dermatologists bring up Vitamin A for skin health for good reason. Most people know about topical retinoids for wrinkles, but healthy skin starts from inside. Vitamin A Acetate helps cells grow and repair themselves. Small wounds or rough patches on the elbows or shins can heal faster when you’re not running low. It even plays a role in keeping oil production balanced, which matters for those of us who fight breakouts.
Staying Safe with Supplements
Conversation around Vitamin A Acetate needs balance. It’s easy to get too much. Large doses, especially from supplements rather than food, bring risks like liver strain, headaches, or even bone problems over time. The World Health Organization and U.S. National Institutes of Health have set upper intake levels—a reminder that more doesn’t always mean better. Nutrition labels can help you keep intake within the healthy zone. When I was first learning about supplements, a pharmacist advised reading those numbers and not stacking products, so I wouldn’t go overboard.
Doctors and dietitians still lean on whole foods as the best source: carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, and dairy cover the bases for most people. Supplements with Vitamin A Acetate step in when diets lack variety—from picky eaters to people with certain medical conditions. Routine blood tests can flag a deficiency, and sometimes, that’s a wake-up call to pay more attention to what lands on your plate.
Looking at the Real Need for Vitamin A
Vitamin A acetate sits on pharmacy shelves inside multivitamins, skin creams, and even some processed foods. The buzz over vitamins grows louder as wellness trends push people to take a more proactive approach to health. I appreciate that drive, but experience and research tell me there's more to consider before tossing supplements into a shopping basket.
Difference Between Necessary and Excessive
You need vitamin A for things like healthy vision, a working immune system, and normal growth. Vitamin A acetate is a stabilized version, often used in supplements and fortified foods since it holds up better on the shelf. Here’s the thing: your body can store vitamin A, mostly in the liver. Taking a supplement every day, on top of a diet that has eggs, dairy, liver, carrots, or leafy greens, can stack up quickly. That’s where the risk kicks in.
What Science Tells Us
Numbers from the National Institutes of Health show adults only need around 700-900 micrograms of vitamin A per day. Too much can do real harm. Over the years, I’ve seen folks hoping to boost their health wind up with chronic headaches, peeling skin, or worse, after going overboard with supplements. In high doses, vitamin A can add stress to the liver, trigger bone thinning, and even cause birth defects if taken during pregnancy. This isn’t just theory—hospital records back this up.
The Difference Between Food vs. Supplements
My own experience juggling a busy family and work schedule makes reaching for a vitamin bottle tempting. The real fix comes from food. Beta-carotene from plants helps the body regulate conversion to vitamin A, slowing down if you reach your limit. Supplements don’t have that safety net. Vitamin A acetate supplies the active form directly, and your body absorbs it, no questions asked.
Special Situations and Medical Supervision
There are folks who truly need more vitamin A—certain medical conditions or malnutrition can leave someone short. Those people need a plan designed by a health professional who tracks blood levels and makes sure benefits outweigh the risks. The rest of us rarely see a shortfall if we eat a balanced range of fruits, vegetables, dairy, and meat. I’ve learned over the years that more is not always better.
Safe Steps Forward
Daily use of vitamin A acetate makes sense only if a doctor says so, after tests and a good look at your current diet. Most people get enough through meals. I always check the supplement label and compare it to the recommended daily amount. Talk to a healthcare provider before starting anything long-term. The convenience seems great up front, but the long-term results matter more for your liver, bones, and overall health.
Changes Worth Making
If you want to keep your vitamin A in balance, fill your plate with colorful vegetables, healthy proteins, and some dairy. Save supplements for gaps that food honestly can’t cover or for cases where a condition calls for more. Responsible use protects you from the silent buildup that turns a helpful nutrient into a health risk.
References:- National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements: Vitamin A Fact Sheet
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health: Vitamin A
- Mayo Clinic: Vitamin A (Retinol) Safety and Side Effects
Getting the Facts Straight on Vitamin A Acetate
Vitamin A acetate draws a lot of attention for its benefits: clearer skin, sharper eyesight, even support for the immune system. It pops up in supplements and multivitamins geared to both kids and adults. But too much can cause problems, and too little leaves your body in the lurch. So how much is enough for most people?
Dosage Recommendations: What the Science Says
The U.S. National Institutes of Health points to daily recommended intake levels that help people navigate safe dosing. Men typically look for about 900 micrograms RAE (Retinol Activity Equivalents), women get by with 700 micrograms RAE, children need less depending on their age, and pregnant and breastfeeding women have slightly higher targets due to the demands on the body during those periods. Vitamin A acetate can be measured as retinol equivalents and IU (international units), and the numbers can sometimes get confusing.
The conversion factor most often used is that 1 RAE equals 3.33 IU for preformed vitamin A, like vitamin A acetate. Translation: the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for an adult man would roughly equal 3,000 IU per day, and for an adult woman, about 2,333 IU. Most multivitamins give you an amount close to these levels, rarely going much higher unless they're targeting a specific health concern under medical guidance.
Why Overdoing It Doesn’t Help
Some people chase health by grabbing megadoses from supplements, but that’s a risky strategy with vitamin A. Too much can bring on nausea, headaches, or more serious issues like liver damage, bone thinning, or birth defects if taken during pregnancy. Toxicity often results from taking high-dose supplements instead of food sources, which is why experts stress getting most of our intake from diet—think carrots, spinach, eggs, or dairy—which tends not to overload the system.
Once, a friend ended up in the ER after scarfing down too many high-dose supplements sold “for vision.” His skin turned yellow, and the doctors said his liver was not happy. Stories like this matter, especially since the body stores vitamin A and doesn’t just flush out the excess.
Finding Balance in Real Life
People wanting to boost their levels naturally focus on vegetables and whole foods instead of powder or capsule forms, unless a doctor prescribed it. If you don’t have a serious medical reason—like a deficiency documented with a blood test—it’s safer to hit your RDA through a balanced diet. Doctors sometimes suggest supplements in specific cases: malabsorption conditions, certain eye issues, or pregnancy, but even then, they stick to dosing within recognized guidelines.
How To Stay Safe
Read supplement labels, especially if you’re already eating a diet rich in vitamin A. Trustworthy brands list the actual amount of vitamin A acetate, often in both IU and micrograms. If you aren’t sure what you’re getting from food or you want to try supplementation, get lab work done and talk to your physician. Kids need even tighter control of dosages, since just a few days of high intake can cause harm. The FDA sets an upper intake limit—3,000 micrograms RAE per day for adults—so sticking well below that level keeps things safe.
Getting your numbers right matters. More isn’t always better. Thoughtful choices and reading up on trusted sources cut through confusing supplement claims. The safest road always starts with your daily meals and a quick chat with your doctor before piling on the capsules.
Looking Past the Hype
Plenty of supplement bottles boast about the benefits of vitamin A, and it’s easy to grab one off the shelf without blinking. Many of them list “vitamin A acetate”—sometimes labeled as retinyl acetate—as their source. It sounds safe enough, but problems don’t always show up right away. Too much vitamin A can tank your health, and studies and personal stories both show what happens when the dosage goes off the rails.
More Doesn’t Always Mean Better
Nature puts vitamin A in foods like carrots, eggs, and liver. The body stores excess vitamin A in the liver, which usually keeps us out of trouble. Supplements shift that balance. Many multivitamins and single-nutrient pills cram in much higher levels than the body needs. In the U.S., adult men need about 900 micrograms per day, and women need around 700. Some capsules deliver more than that in one go. Side effects sneak up after months—or sometimes weeks—of taking too much.
Short-Term and Long-Term Side Effects
I’ve seen friends complain about headaches and dry skin after jumping on the vitamin train, expecting it to improve everything from eyesight to skin tone. Doctors report peeling skin, cracked lips, and nausea for folks who get too much, even for a short stretch. The dangers creep up fast for pregnant women, too. Taking high doses during pregnancy can impact fetal development and carry higher risks for birth defects, according to CDC reports.
Ongoing high doses cause more lasting damage. Over time, too much vitamin A acetate builds up. It hits the liver the hardest. Liver swelling, damage, or even failure show up in medical case studies linked to vitamin overdose. Bone pain, blurred vision, and muscle aches round out the list. One story made headlines a while back—a person used high-dose vitamin A supplements for years and landed in the ER with a failing liver. It’s not rare, either. Poison control centers in the U.S. log hundreds of calls about vitamin A side effects every year.
How Risky Are Supplements?
There’s a lot less regulation and oversight when it comes to vitamins than prescription drugs. Dosages don’t always match what’s on the label. The FDA has caught bottles containing two or three times what’s claimed. This messes with trust, especially for older adults, kids, or anyone managing chronic issues. People with kidney or liver problems break down vitamin A more slowly, raising risks at lower doses.
Some research points out that smokers or people exposed to asbestos run a higher cancer risk with high vitamin A supplementation, especially in the acetate form. The National Institutes of Health have linked large supplemental doses with increased lung cancer rates in these groups. It sounds extreme, but this data gets buried beneath marketing claims.
Safe Approaches and Smarter Habits
Getting enough vitamin A through food leaves little room for overdose. Fruits, leafy greens, and fish let the body self-regulate how much to use. Supplements can play a role for people with certain medical problems or absorption issues, but those decisions should come from a healthcare pro who reads your medical chart. I always ask pharmacists or doctors before adding new supplements, no matter what promises I read online.
The right dose, verified brands, and routine bloodwork keep risks low for those who truly need extra vitamin A. For everyone else, the healthiest bet comes from a full plate at mealtime, not a handful of unverified capsules.
Understanding Vitamin A Acetate
Vitamin A acetate, which some might know as retinyl acetate, often turns up in ingredient lists for moisturizers, lotions, and sunscreens. The appeal comes from its antioxidant qualities and its role in helping skin cells repair. Vitamin A itself has long been a trusted ingredient for healthy skin, and its derivatives show up in plenty of beauty routines. Yet not all forms act the same once absorbed.
Different Faces of Vitamin A
Retinoids remain the gold standard in skincare circles when people talk about smoother texture, improved tone, and fewer signs of aging. Prescription-strength tretinoin leads that pack, but over-the-counter products often use milder relatives like retinol, retinyl palmitate, and vitamin A acetate. The difference comes down to how the skin processes these compounds. Retinyl acetate doesn't convert to active vitamin A as quickly as pure retinol, which makes it gentler. That gentleness means less irritation, so sensitive skin benefits, though it may take longer to see results.
Safety Concerns and Facts
There's always buzz when ingredients spark debate or show up linked with health scares. I remember reading about vitamin A acetate in vaping products being connected with lung issues, but that's inhalation exposure, not skin contact. Absorption through the skin differs entirely. In cosmetics, authorities like the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Commission have set safe limits for vitamin A compounds in leave-on and rinse-off products. In practical daily use, risk from topical application remains low as long as formulations stay within those safety thresholds.
Why It Matters
Too much vitamin A can cause problems, but that's mostly an issue with supplements or as a medical overdose, not the small amounts in most creams. I know some people load up on serums, believing more will work faster, but piling on active ingredients isn't always smart. Overuse could possibly lead to sensitivity, redness, or flaky skin. Pregnant women especially should pay attention to ingredient labels because excessive vitamin A intake from any source deserves caution. We need clear labeling and honest marketing, which companies rarely prioritize until regulations push them.
Choosing Products Wisely
Anyone interested in vitamin A’s skin perks can look for products with retinyl acetate, particularly if stronger retinoids tend to irritate. Still, patch tests make sense before using new creams. Dermatologists and professional aestheticians remain trusted sources for advice, far above anything influencers might recommend without evidence. When confusion hits, research published in peer-reviewed journals holds more weight than anecdotal claims or viral trends.
Practical Steps Forward
Bigger conversations about ingredient safety keep surfacing because many people want products that deliver results without hidden risks. Brands can help by making formulas transparent—no hidden percentages, no misleading terms. Industry bodies and consumer groups push for stricter oversight, which pushes companies to test for both irritation and long-term side effects. Professionals in clinics and pharmacies play a key role, too, teaching better product literacy so people understand how to combine actives like vitamin A acetate with other ingredients. Thoughtful choices and honest science make for healthier skin and smarter consumers.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | retinyl acetate |
| Other names |
Retinyl acetate
Retinol acetate Acetate de retinol Retinol monoacetate |
| Pronunciation | /ˈvaɪ.tə.mɪn eɪ ˈæs.ɪ.teɪt/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 127-47-9 |
| Beilstein Reference | 1904248 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:82113 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1208 |
| ChemSpider | 14287 |
| DrugBank | DB11061 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.040.770 |
| EC Number | 3.1.1.73 |
| Gmelin Reference | 68113 |
| KEGG | C01582 |
| MeSH | D014802 |
| PubChem CID | 5280489 |
| RTECS number | WN4950000 |
| UNII | UN6JPR9U5J |
| UN number | UN2811 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C24H36O2 |
| Molar mass | 430.7 g/mol |
| Appearance | White or yellowish crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 0.93 g/cm3 |
| Solubility in water | Insoluble in water |
| log P | 2.98 |
| Acidity (pKa) | 17.8 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 12.0 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | Diamagnetic |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.4900 to 1.5100 |
| Viscosity | Viscous liquid |
| Dipole moment | 2.77 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 760.6 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -870.7 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -12120.8 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | A11CA01 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Harmful if swallowed. Causes serious eye irritation. May damage fertility or the unborn child. Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects. |
| GHS labelling | GHS07, GHS08 |
| Pictograms | GHS07, GHS08 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H302: Harmful if swallowed. H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child. |
| Precautionary statements | Keep container tightly closed. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place. Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray. Wash thoroughly after handling. Use personal protective equipment as required. Avoid release to the environment. |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-1-0-0 |
| Flash point | 141°C |
| Autoignition temperature | 385°C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 oral rat 1510 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | 1510 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| NIOSH | NAV04855 |
| PEL (Permissible) | 10 mg/m³ |
| REL (Recommended) | 5000 IU (1500 mcg) per day |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Vitamin A
Vitamin A Palmitate Retinol Retinyl Acetate Retinyl Palmitate Retinal Beta-Carotene |
